International Journal of Computer
& Organization Trends

Research Article | Open Access | Download PDF
Volume 16 | Issue 1 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJCOT-V16I1P304 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/22492593/IJCOT-V16I1P304

A Comprehensive Review Study of Cyber Security and Human-Centred Threat: Non-Malicious Threat within an Organization

Kultar Singh

Received Revised Accepted Published
13 Feb 2026 16 Mar 2026 12 Apr 2026 30 May 2026

Citation :

Kultar Singh, "A Comprehensive Review Study of Cyber Security and Human-Centred Threat: Non-Malicious Threat within an Organization," International Journal of Computer & Organization Trends (IJCOT), vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 25-31, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22492593/IJCOT-V16I1P304

Abstract

The issue of non-malicious insider threats, which are on the rise in businesses, is the main topic of the study article. These risks are brought on by well-intentioned workers who inadvertently hurt others by their behaviour or a failure to comprehend cybersecurity rules and procedures. Instead of focusing exclusively on technological fixes, the article investigates how these vulnerabilities might be reduced from a human cybersecurity viewpoint. It talks about the value of training and educating employees as well as the need for simple, clear rules and processes that are consistently communicated and followed. The study also looks at how organisational culture affects how non-malicious insider threats are handled, emphasizing the need for a culture of security that motivates staff to put cybersecurity first.

Keywords

Cyber Security, Vulnerabilities, Organisational Culture, Human-Centred Threat, Non-Malicious Threat.

References

[1] Neda Afzaliseresht et al., “From Logs to Stories: Human-Centred Data Mining for Cyber Threat Intelligence,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp.19089-19099, 2020.
[CrossRef]  [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[2] Yoshinobu Akimoto et al., “Approach Function Study for Concierge-Type Robot by Model-based Development with User Model for Human-Centred Design,” ROBOMECH Journal, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[3] Nigel Bevan et al., “New ISO Standards for Usability, Usability Reports and Usability Measures,” Human-Computer Interaction. Theory, Design, Development and Practice: 18th International Conference, HCI International 2016, Toronto, ON, Canada, vol. 9731, pp. 268-278, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[4] David Chandler, “Resilience and Human Security: The Post-Interventionist Paradigm,” Security Dialogue, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 213-229, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[5] David Chandler, “Human-Centred’ Development? Rethinking ‘Freedom’ and ‘Agency’ in Discourses of International Development,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, vol. 42, no.1, pp. 3-23, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[6] David Chandler, Freedom vs Necessity in International Relations: Human-Centred Approaches to Security and Development, 1st ed., Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[7] Marianne Cherrington et al., “Features of Human-Centred Algorithm Design,” 2020 30th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), Melbourne, VIC, Australia, pp. 1-6, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[8] Claudiu Mihai Codreanu, “Exploring the need for Human-Centred Cybersecurity, The WannaCry Cyberattack,” Romanian Journal of Society and Politics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1-21, 2021.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[9] Uchenna P. Daniel Ani, Hongmei Mary He, and Ashutosh Tiwari, “Human Capability Evaluation Approach for Cyber Security in Critical Industrial Infrastructure,” Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, pp. 169-182, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[10] Caroline L. Davey, and Andrew B. Wootton, Design Against Crime: A Human-Centred Approach to Designing for Safety and Security, 1st ed., Taylor and Francis, 2017.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[11] Max Bernhagen, Patrick Roßner, and Angelika C. Bullinger, “Human-Centred Development of Automatically Accommodating Contact Lenses,” Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany, 2016.
[Google Scholar]

[12] Allan Dwyer, Measuring Human Security: The Why and the How, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2018964

[13] Nicola Fairburn et al., “Beyond Murphy’s Law: Applying Wider Human Factors Behavioural Science Approaches in Cyber-Security Resilience,” HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust: Third International Conference, HCI-CPT 2021, Held as Part of the 23rd HCI International Conference, HCII, Springer, Cham, vol. 12788, pp. 123-138, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[14] Scherto Gill, and Garrett Thomson, Rethinking Secondary Education: A Human-Centred Approach, 1st ed., Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2014.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[15] Michelle Rita Grech, and Margareta Lutzhoft, “Challenges and Opportunities in User Centric Shipping: Developing A Human Centred Design Approach for Navigation Systems,” Proceedings of the 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction - OzCHI ’16, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, United States, pp. 96-104, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[16] Asa S. Hoem, Erik Veitch, and Kjetil Vasstein, “Human-Centred Risk Assessment for a Land-based Control Interface for an Autonomous Vessel,” WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 179-211, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[17] Duncan Ki-Aries, and Shamal Faily, “Persona-Centred Information Security Awareness,” Computers and Security, vol. 70, pp. 663-674, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[18] Kitty Kioskli et al., “The Importance of Conceptualising the Human-Centric Approach in Maintaining and Promoting Cybersecurity - Hygiene in Healthcare 4.0,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1-16, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[19] Derek McAuley et al., “Human-Centred Home Network Security,” arXiv preprint, pp. 1-18, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[20] Andrew S. Medeiros et al., “Water Security for Northern Peoples: Review of Threats to Arctic Freshwater Systems in Nunavut, Canada,” Regional Environmental Change, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 635-647, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[21] António Moniz, “Robots and Humans as Co-Workers the Human - Centred Perspective of Work with Autonomous Systems,” IET/CESNOVA, pp. 1-21, 2013.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[22] Cian Murphy, Peter J. Carew, and Larry Stapleton, “Ethical Personalisation and Control Systems for Smart Human-Centred Industry 5.0 Applications,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 55, no. 39, pp. 24-29, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[23] Pengiran Salleh Ab Rahaman, “A Human-Centred Approach to National Identity Management Systems,” Doctoral Thesis, UCL, 2012.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[24] Enrico Quagliarini et al., “Risk Reduction Strategies Against Terrorist Acts in Urban Built Environments: Towards Sustainable and Human-Centred Challenges,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1-29, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[25] R.P. Reece, and B.C. Stahl, “The Professionalisation of Information Security: Perspectives of UK Practitioners,” Computers and Security, vol. 48, pp. 182-195, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[26] Karen Renaud, and Lizzie Coles-Kemp, “Accessible and Inclusive Cyber Security: A Nuanced and Complex Challenge,” SN Computer Science, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 1-14, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[27] Karen Renaud, and Stephen Flowerday, “Contemplating Human-Centred Security and Privacy Research: Suggesting Future Directions,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 34, pp. 76-81, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[28] JKL Scott, “Phobic Cartography: Human-Centred, Communicative Analysis of the Cyber-Threat Landscape,” Journal of Information Warfare, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 93-112, 2017.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[29] Melanie Volkamer et al., “Design and Field Evaluation of PassSec: Raising and Sustaining Web Surfer Risk Awareness,” Trust and Trustworthy Computing: 8th International Conference, TRUST 2015, Heraklion, Greece, vol. 9229, pp.104-122, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[30] Jiayi Zhou, “The (Universal) Human and Beyond: Constituting Security Objects in Theory and Practice,” Critical Studies on Security, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 16-29, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]